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Autor	Barbara Wieliczko
Tytuł	Czy warto stosować instrumenty finansowe w programach rozwoju obszarów wiejskich?
Title	Are the financial instruments worth being a part of rural development programmes?
Słowa kluczowe	instrumenty finansowe, polityka rozwoju obszarów wiejskich, Unia Europejska
Key words	financial instruments, rural development policy, European Union
Abstrakt	Instrumenty finansowe, czyli przede wszystkim kredyty i gwarancje kredytowe oraz kapitał założycielski są coraz silniej obecne w różnych obszarach polityki UE. Od okresu programowania 2007-2013 mogą być również elementem programów rozwoju obszarów wiejskich. Jednakże dotychczas niewiele państw skorzystało z takiej możliwości. Jednocześnie ocena stosowania tych instrumentów wskazuje na to, iż korzyści z wprowadzania takich form wsparcia są znacznie mniejsze od początkowych oczekiwań, co w części wynika z nie w pełni dostosowanych rozwiązań regulacyjnych UE. Wydaje się również, iż potencjalni beneficjenci nie są zainteresowani korzystaniem z takiej pomocy, co może wynikać z braku wiedzy o funkcjonowaniu takich instrumentów. Patrząc na stale malejące zainteresowanie inwestycyjnymi kredytami preferencyjnymi można przypuszczać, iż w Polsce instrumenty finansowe nie spotkałyby się z dużym zainteresowaniem rolników.
Abstract	Financial instruments, that is mainly loans and loan guarantees as well as venture capital are more and more strongly present in different areas of the EU policy. Since the programming period 2007-2013 such instruments can also be a part of the rural development programmes. However, so far only few countries have made use of these instruments. At the same time the assessment of implementation of these instruments indicates that the benefits from introducing such forms of support are significantly smaller than the initial expectations, what is partial a result of the EU regulations not fully adjusted EU regulations. It also seems that potential beneficiaries are not interested in taking advantage of these instruments. This can be due to a lack of knowledge about the way such financial instruments function. Seeing a steadily declining interest in investment preferential credits we can assume that in Poland financial instruments would not meet with a large interest among farmers.
Cytowanie	Wieliczko B. (2016) Czy warto stosować instrumenty finansowe w programach rozwoju obszarów wiejskich?.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 16(31), z. 1: 245-254
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2016_T16(31)_n1_s245.pdf

Autor	Lilya Avetisyan, Agnieszka Parlińska
Tytuł	THE ROLE OF LEASING IN FINANCING OF INNOVATION IN EUROPE AND ARMENIA
Title
Słowa kluczowe	Leasing, innowacje, finansowanie, inwestycje, badania i rozwój
Key words	leasing, innovation, financing, investment, research and development
Abstrakt	W artykule przedstawiono możliwość wykorzystania leasingu jako instrumentu finansowania działalności innowacyjnej. W dzisiejszych czasach kwestia poszukiwania nowych sposobów finansowania działalności innowacyjnej, która jest głównym czynnikiem konkurencyjności przedsiębiorstw, ma szczególne znaczenie. Artykuł przedstawia zalety leasingu jako mechanizmu finansowania działalności innowacyjnej oraz rolę innowacyjnego leasingu w nowoczesnych warunkach. Autorki przeprowadziły również analizę porównawczą przepisów dotyczących leasingu w wielu krajach europejskich, a także analizę europejskiego rynku leasingu pod względem struktury i aktualnych trendów rozwoju. Wyszczególniono główne problemy zakłócające rozwój leasingu w Armenii. Dodatkowo na podstawie najlepszych praktyk europejskich przedstawiono zalecenia, które promują korzystanie z leasingu do stymulacji działalności innowacyjnej przedsiębiorstw w Armenii.
Abstract	The paper presents possibilities of the use of leasing as an instrument of financing of innovation activities. At present times the issue of search of new ways of financial provision for innovation activity, which is the main factor of competitiveness of the enterprises, is of a particular importance. In the paper advantages of the leasing funding mechanism for innovation activities are presented, and the role of innovative leasing in modern conditions is revealed. The comparative analysis of regulation of leasing in a number of European countries is carried out, and also the analysis of the European leasing market is submitted. The structure and current trends of development of the domestic leasing market are considered. The main problems interfering development of leasing in Armenia are revealed. On the basis of the best European practices recommendations are provided, which will promote the use of leasing for stimulation of innovation activities of the enterprises in Armenia.
Cytowanie	Avetisyan L., Parlińska A. (2016) THE ROLE OF LEASING IN FINANCING OF INNOVATION IN EUROPE AND ARMENIA.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW, Polityki Europejskie, Finanse i Marketing [t.], nr 16(65): 56-69
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Pełny tekst	PEFIM_2016_n65_s56.pdf

Autor	Maciej Stawicki
Tytuł	THE DEVELOPMENT OF HOTEL BASE IN POLAND WITH THE USE OF EU FUNDS
Title	Rozwój bazy hotelowej w Polsce przy wykorzystaniu funduszy europejskich
Słowa kluczowe	fundusze UE, hotele, Polska, rozwój bazy noclegowej, fundusze europejskie 2007-2013
Key words	EU funds, hotels, Poland, hotel classification, development
Abstrakt	Celem pracy jest przedstawienie roli środków unijnych w rozwoju bazy hotelowej w Polsce. Cele szczegółowe obejmują identyfikację zmian w strukturze hoteli, prezentację wartości i liczby inwestycji w hotelach współfinansowanych z funduszy unijnych oraz oceny roli funduszy UE w budowę nowych hoteli w Polsce. Użyto metody opisowej, metod statystycznych i graficznej prezentacji danych. W analizowanym okresie liczba hoteli w Polsce wzrosła z 668 w 1995 roku do 2209 w 2015 roku, przy czym udział najbardziej luksusowych hoteli (5- i 4-gwiazdkowych) wzrósł najbardziej. W perspektywie finansowej 2007-2013 zrealizowano 208 projektów obejmujących budowę lub adaptację budynków na hotele i 193 projekty związane z rozwojem i modernizacją tych obiektów o łącznej wartości dofinansowania UE 631,6 mln zł. Najwyższe wartości nowo budowanych hoteli zaobserwowano w województwach dolnośląskim, warmińsko-mazurskim i opolskim, także regionach położone we wschodniej Polsce. Największy wzrost liczby hoteli odnotowano w południowo-wschodniej i centralnej Polsce, co było po części efektem realizowanej polityki regionalnej i wdrażaniem funduszy Unii Europejskiej.
Abstract	The aim of the paper is to present the role of EU funds in the development of hotel base in Poland. Detailed objectives include identification of changes in the structure of hotels, presentation of the value and number of investments in hotels co-financed by the EU funds and assessment of the role of EU funds in building new hotels in Poland. Descriptive, statistical and graphic methods were used. In the analyzed period the number of hotels in Poland changed from 668 in 1995 to 2209 in 2015. The share of most luxurious (5- and 4-star) hotels have developed most. Financial perspective 2007-2013 differed from the previous one, as much more projects involving hotels were implemented: 208 construction or adaptation and 193 development or renovation ones with total EU co-financing of 631,6 million PLN. The highest values of new hotels constructions or adaptations for hotels characterized voivodships dolnośląskie, warmińsko-mazurskie and opolskie, also regions located in eastern Poland. The highest increase of hotel number was observed in south-eastern and Central Poland, which partly was the effect of implemented regional policy and European Union funds.
Cytowanie	Stawicki M. (2016) THE DEVELOPMENT OF HOTEL BASE IN POLAND WITH THE USE OF EU FUNDS.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW, Polityki Europejskie, Finanse i Marketing [t.], nr 16(65): 70-78
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Pełny tekst	PEFIM_2016_n65_s70.pdf

Autor	Anton Čiernik, Ingrid Šabíková, Igor Turuk
Tytuł	THE SOCIAL IMPORTANCE OF THE BENEFITS OF A GREEN ECONOMY
Title	Społeczne korzyści z zielonej gospodarki
Słowa kluczowe
Key words	Sustainable Development, Economic Growth, Ecology, Environmental Aspects, Multi-Criteria Decisional Analysis, Paulownia
Abstrakt
Abstract	The Slovak Republic, as a Member State of the European Union, is committed to meet the strategic objective, which is to “significantly increase the competitiveness and performance of the regions of the Slovak economy and employment, while respecting sustainable development”. Today's status of environmental pollution is a global problem, especially in the field of air protection, minimization of adverse effects of climate changes, the promotion of renewable energy sources, water conservation and the rational use and protection of land. Sustainable development represents the evolution of human society while preserving the environment for future generations. The article1 is focused on the strategic priorities with the aim of achieving economic growth in conjunction with the ecology and the quantification of indirect effects. The article describes the multi-criteria decisional analysis, which takes into account the indirect effects in the form of environmental aspects. At the end of the article the benefits of research are articulated.
Cytowanie	Čiernik A., Šabíková I., Turuk I. (2016) THE SOCIAL IMPORTANCE OF THE BENEFITS OF A GREEN ECONOMY.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW, Polityki Europejskie, Finanse i Marketing [t.], nr 16(65): 141-147
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Pełny tekst	PEFIM_2016_n65_s141.pdf

Autor	Zbigniew Gołaś
Tytuł	Zróżnicowanie opóźnień płatniczych w przedsiębiorstwach sektora B2B krajów Europy Wschodniej
Title	DIFFERENTIATION OF PAYMENT DELAYS IN THE B2B SECTOR ENTERPRISES IN EASTERN EUROPE
Słowa kluczowe	opóźnienia płatnicze, sektor B2B, Europa Wschodnia
Key words	payment delays, B2B sector, Eastern Europe
Abstrakt	W artykule przedstawiono wyniki wieloaspektowej analizy zróżnicowania terminów płatności w transakcjach handlowych między przedsiębiorstwami sektora B2B w wybranych krajach Europy Wschodniej. Analizę oparto na danych pochodzących z raportów międzynarodowej wywiadowni gospodarczej Atriadus dotyczących przedsiębiorstw w Polsce, Słowacji, Czechach, na Węgrzech oraz w Turcji. Badania wykazały, że średnio około 41% sprzedaży w badanych przedsiębiorstw sektora B2B Europy Wschodniej realizowano przy zastosowaniu kredytu kupieckiego, w tym głównie w transakcjach zagranicznych, a kontrakty zawierano głównie na termin do 30 dni (ponad 80%), poza Turcją gdzie należności zakontraktowane stanowiły około 54 % umów. Ponadto stwierdzono, że najmniejsze opóźnienia płatności cechowały przedsiębiorstwa na Słowacji i Węgrzech (10-17 dni), natomiast największe w Turcji (76 dni). Z badań wynika również, że główne przyczyny opóźnień płatniczych przedsiębiorcy z sektora B2B upatrują w ograniczonym dostępie kontrahentów do środków finansowych, w praktyce traktowania zaległych zobowiązań jako źródła finansowania bieżącej działalności, formalnej niewypłacalności kontrahentów oraz w złożonych procedurach płatności.
Abstract	The article presents results of multi-faceted analysis of differentiation of payments delays in commercial transactions of B2B sector enterprises located in chosen eastern Europe countries. The analysis was based on data coming from reports of the international business information agency Atriadus regarding enterprises in Poland, Slovakia, Czech Republic, Hungary and Turkey. The research proved that average of approx. 41% of sales in surveyed B2B sector enterprises were carried with use of the trade credit, mostly in foreign transactions. The research also proved that most contracts were concluded for payment period of 30 days (over 80%), with exception of Turkey where contracted liabilities equaled to approx. 54% of all contracts. Furthermore, it was proved that the smallest payments delay rate was observed in case of enterprises located in Slovakia and Hungary (10-17 days), whereas the biggest delay rate was observed in case of Turkey (76 days). According to the research, contractors’ limited access to financial resources, practice of treating outstanding debts as financial sources for current operations, formal insolvency of contractors and complex payments procedures should be considered as four main causes of payment delays in the B2B sector enterprises.
Cytowanie	Gołaś Z. (2016) Zróżnicowanie opóźnień płatniczych w przedsiębiorstwach sektora B2B krajów Europy Wschodniej.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW, Polityki Europejskie, Finanse i Marketing [t.], nr 15(64): 29-41
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Pełny tekst	PEFIM_2016_n64_s29.pdf

Autor	Łukasz Satoła
Tytuł	Wykorzystanie funduszy Unii Europejskiej na inwestycje komunalne a ograniczanie zadłużenia samorządów
Title	THE USE OF EUROPEAN UNION FUNDS FOR MUNICIPAL INVESTMENTS AND LIMITING DEBT OF LOCAL GOVERNMENTS
Słowa kluczowe	ekonomia sektora publicznego, fundusze strukturalne, gmina, polityka regionalna, sytuacja finansowa gmin, zadłużenie
Key words	public sector economics, structural funds, municipality, regional policy, financial situation of municipalities, debt
Abstrakt	Integracja europejska w znaczącym stopniu zmieniła warunki funkcjonowania jednostek samorządu terytorialnego głównie za sprawą dostępności funduszy strukturalnych. Obecnie wiele podejmowanych przez gminy działań, szczególnie inwestycyjnych odbywa się przy udziale dofinansowania w ramach instrumentów polityki regionalnej UE. Pozyskane fundusze z jednej strony stanowią wsparcie dla lokalnych budżetów, z drugiej zaś powodują wzrost wydatków, które często finansowane są z kredytów. Celem artykułu jest identyfikacja relacji zachodzących pomiędzy zrealizowanymi przy wsparciu finansowym inwestycjami komunalnymi a nowo wprowadzonymi wskaźnikami zadłużenia. Polskie gminy cechowało duże zróżnicowanie poziomu wykorzystania funduszy UE. Nowe limity zadłużenia mogą ograniczać zdolności absorpcyjne samorządów w konsekwencji spłat odsetek od zaciąganych w przeszłości zobowiązań.
Abstract	European integration has significantly changed the conditions for the functioning of local government units mainly due to the availability of structural funds. Nowadays, many activities undertaken by the communities, especially the investment is carried out with the participation of co-financing within the EU regional policy instruments. The obtained funds give not only support to local budgets, but also cause an increase in expenditures, which are often financed with loans. The aim of the article is to identify the relations between municipal investments realized with the financial support and the newly introduced debt indicators. Polish municipalities differed significantly among the utilization of EU funds. New debt limits may reduce the absorption capacity of local governments as a consequence of interest payments on loans taken out in the past.
Cytowanie	Satoła Ł. (2016) Wykorzystanie funduszy Unii Europejskiej na inwestycje komunalne a ograniczanie zadłużenia samorządów.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW, Polityki Europejskie, Finanse i Marketing [t.], nr 15(64): 139-148
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Pełny tekst	PEFIM_2016_n64_s139.pdf

Autor	Ewa Bąk-Filipek
Tytuł	Changes in Polish Foreign Trade of Cattle Livestock and Beef
Title
Słowa kluczowe
Key words	export, import, foreign trade, livestock, beef, Poland
Abstrakt
Abstract	The main objective of the study was to analyse the changes and the conditions of foreign traded beef. The economic and political situation has had an impact on Poland’s foreign trade of agricultural food products. The main factors affecting international trade, and which have significantly decreased the growth rate of exports and imports of animal products, are the following: decreased oil prices and exchange rate fluctuations, uncertainties related to the conflict in Ukraine, restrictions in trade with Russia, destabilisation in the Middle East and concerns about the future of the euro zone.
Cytowanie	Bąk-Filipek E. (2016) Changes in Polish Foreign Trade of Cattle Livestock and Beef.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 16(31), z. 4: 55-64
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2016_T16(31)_n4_s55.pdf

Autor	Agnieszka Brelik
Tytuł	Economic Activity of Farms Against Farms Countries of the European Union
Title
Słowa kluczowe
Key words	rural area, other gainful activity, agricultural farm
Abstrakt
Abstract	The development of an economic activity has been considered as a driving force for economic development, creating a chance to remove the rural population outside the agricultural sector. This article presents an analysis of the development of non-agricultural activities on farms in Poland and other countries in the European Union. A spatial variation in entrepreneurial farms in the EU in the years 2005, 2007 and 2010 indicated the dominant form of non-agricultural activities.
Cytowanie	Brelik A. (2016) Economic Activity of Farms Against Farms Countries of the European Union.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 16(31), z. 4: 86-91
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2016_T16(31)_n4_s86.pdf

Autor	Aleksandra Górecka
Tytuł	Transportation Costs of Containers from Asia to Europe via DCT Gdansk and Hamburg Seaports
Title
Słowa kluczowe
Key words	transport, seaport, maritime transport, intermodal transport, Hamburg, DCT Gdansk
Abstrakt
Abstract	The aim of this study was to compare the transportation costs of containers being transported from Asia to Europe via Hamburg and Gdansk seaports. Three indexes are considered to be important for a logistic operator while choosing the transport route for 20 TEU containers: costs, time, and distance. This study confirms that Deepwater Container Terminal in Gdansk transports containers more effectively.
Cytowanie	Górecka A. (2016) Transportation Costs of Containers from Asia to Europe via DCT Gdansk and Hamburg Seaports.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 16(31), z. 4: 115-122
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2016_T16(31)_n4_s115.pdf

Autor	Aneta Jarosz-Angowska, Magdalena Kąkol
Tytuł	Comparative Analysis of Support to Agriculture in the QUAD Countries in 1986-2014
Title
Słowa kluczowe
Key words	subsidies, agriculture, European Union, United States, Japan, Canada
Abstrakt
Abstract	The purpose of this paper is a comparative analysis of support provided to agriculture sector by the QUAD countries in 1986-2014. The authors examined the changes in levels and structures of this support and tried to assess it from the point of view of its impact on the QUAD economies and markets. In the analysis conducted there were used especially the OECD data and indexes measuring state support to agriculture including: Total Support Estimate, Producer Support Estimate, General Services Support Estimate and Consumer Support Estimate. In the last three decades in all the examined economies, there has been a reduction in agricultural support in relation to GDP, although no distinct change has occurred in terms of the amount of aid in absolute terms (in the US its value even increased almost twice). As regards the changes in structure of support, the most favorable tendencies took place in the European Union where the market price support (MPS), i.e. the most distorting aid to the functioning of the market mechanism, was significantly reduced. One can also positively assess the support structure in the United States where about half of the agricultural budget is earmarked to consumers. Canada has very good economic outcomes as regard the agriculture sector even though it allocates the least amount of financial resources to support agriculture in relation to GDP among all the QUAD economies. However, despite a large part of this support is in the form of general services (GSSE), the country is characterized by an unfavorable trend of increasing expenditure on price support. Throughout the period considered the most harmful support policy from the point of view of market competition was led by Japan though it has affected to a lesser extent the functioning of international agri-food markets due to the lower importance of Japanese agricultural production and exports in the world economy in comparison to the EU and the US.
Cytowanie	Jarosz-Angowska A., Kąkol M. (2016) Comparative Analysis of Support to Agriculture in the QUAD Countries in 1986-2014.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 16(31), z. 4: 140-154
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2016_T16(31)_n4_s140.pdf

Autor	Elżbieta Kacperska
Tytuł	Foreign Direct Investment in World Economy
Title
Słowa kluczowe
Key words	foreign direct investment, world economy, European Union
Abstrakt
Abstract	Some of the phenomena dynamically developing in global economy in recent years are capital flows in the form of foreign direct investment. The investment takes different forms and is a way of economic development desired by most countries in the world. The article aims to present tendencies occurring in global FDI flows and define their types and geographical structure.
Cytowanie	Kacperska E. (2016) Foreign Direct Investment in World Economy.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 16(31), z. 4: 155-168
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2016_T16(31)_n4_s155.pdf

Autor	Paweł Kobus
Tytuł	Inequalities in Agricultural Subsidies in European Union
Title
Słowa kluczowe
Key words	agricultural subsidies, Gini coefficient, beta convergence, CAP
Abstrakt
Abstract	The paper constitutes an attempt at comparison of subsidies level in relation to utilised agricultural area, labour force and value of production throughout EU-25 member states in years 2005 – 2013. The main objective of the paper was assessment of the level of inequalities in agricultural subsidies in European Union and evaluation of their potential trends. Using FADN data aggregated at country level the Gini coefficient was calculated for mentioned dimensions of subsidies level. Additionally sigma and beta convergence analysis were carried out for subsidies and productivity levels. The general conclusion from performed analysis was that famers in EU-10N should now perceive the subsidies level throughout EU quite fair in contrast to 2005, it is especially true in case subsidies per utilised agricultural area with drop of Gini coefficient from 0.23 to 0.15, that is by 35%. On the other hand the productivity levels are converging on much slower pace than subsidies level, for both measures of productivity the beta coefficients in convergence analysis where negative but not significant at standard 5% significance level.
Cytowanie	Kobus P. (2016) Inequalities in Agricultural Subsidies in European Union.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 16(31), z. 4: 179-187
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2016_T16(31)_n4_s179.pdf

Autor	Julian Krzyżanowski
Tytuł	The Problems of Direct Support for Plant Production in the European Union and the United States
Title
Słowa kluczowe
Key words	agriculture, Common Agriculture Policy, USA, direct payment system
Abstrakt
Abstract	The paper shows differences of opinions, on which side of Atlantic the level of support is higher. It reviews the shifts in the UE direct payments system. In the second part of the paper the American system of payments is analyzed. Some calculations of payments are added. Finally similarities and differences between the systems are being indicated.
Cytowanie	Krzyżanowski J. (2016) The Problems of Direct Support for Plant Production in the European Union and the United States.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 16(31), z. 4: 196-204
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2016_T16(31)_n4_s196.pdf

Autor	Katarzyna Łukasiewicz
Tytuł	Arrivals of Foreigners to Poland with Particular Emphasis on Visitors from Outside the Schengen Area – Characteristics and Prospects for the Future
Title
Słowa kluczowe
Key words	arrival, Poland, Schengen, tourism
Abstrakt
Abstract	Poland is very popular among foreigners. Tourism is an important part of the Polish economy. The share of tourism in GDP remains at a level of 5-6%, with employment estimated at approx. 760 thousand. People (4.7% of the total workforce), with approx. 170-200 thousand. People are employed in activities related to accommodation and food service. Proceeds from the arrivals of foreigners goes back to the year 8-9 billion euros, of which about half is the proceeds of arrivals of foreign tourists. The aim of the article is to present the characteristics of arrivals of foreigners to Poland, with particular emphasis on visitors from outside the Schengen Area. On the basis of statistical data I analysed arrivals of foreign tourists to Poland and presented the changes in the structure of those arrivals. The article also shows the diversity of tourism revenue in the period considered. For this purpose a method of "Desk Research" based on data from Central Statistical Office, Institute of Tourism, Ministry of Sport and Tourism. The article also includes the perspective of the development of inbound tourism. The article presents the results of research conducted in October 2016 in Kiev among 152 respondents. The aim of the study was to collect the information on the attractiveness of Poland for Ukrainian visitors. Convenient sampling method was used to select the survey participants. Diagnostic survey method was used in the study and the direct technique was an interview without previously prepared questions. The results confirm that Ukrainians are willing to visit Poland.
Cytowanie	Łukasiewicz K. (2016) Arrivals of Foreigners to Poland with Particular Emphasis on Visitors from Outside the Schengen Area – Characteristics and Prospects for the Future.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 16(31), z. 4: 213-222
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2016_T16(31)_n4_s213.pdf

Autor	Bogumiła Mucha-Leszko
Tytuł	Causes and Consequences of Deindustrialization in the Euro Area
Title
Słowa kluczowe
Key words	euro area, deindustrialization, labour productivity, total factor productivity
Abstrakt
Abstract	The post-industrial stage of development reached in developed countries is characterized by an increase in services' share and the progressive decline of the manufacturing share in their economies. The intensification of deindustrialization process heated up the discussion pertaining to its impact on the weakening of investment, technological progress, innovation, and a decline in labour productivity and GDP growth. The aim of the paper is to present the scale and consequences of deindustrialization in the euro area based on analysis of manufacturing and other sectors shares in the gross value added and employment in the euro area. The indicators used for the assessment of deindustrialization consequences are: labour productivity and total factor productivity (TFP) growth rates. As the outcome of conducted analysis, the author has drawn two main conclusions: 1) the decreasing importance of manufacturing limits the possibility of carrying out research projects and creating technological progress, 2) the negative TFP growth rate, declining of labour productivity growth rate in 2008-2015 and the decrease of GDP testifies to the threat of secular stagnation in the euro area.
Cytowanie	Mucha-Leszko B. (2016) Causes and Consequences of Deindustrialization in the Euro Area.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 16(31), z. 4: 240-252
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2016_T16(31)_n4_s240.pdf

Autor	Maria Parlińska, Piotr Pomichowski
Tytuł	Evaluation of Human Capital in Selected EU Countries Using Cluster Analysis
Title
Słowa kluczowe
Key words	human capital, cluster analysis, k-medoid method
Abstrakt
Abstract	The study evaluates the quality of human capital on the basis of the Eurostat data. There was also prepared a short bibliography review of the previous research which indicates various definitions of the term human capital. To evaluate its quality in selected EU countries. There was used cluster analysis – the k-medoid method. The analysis was performed for three periods: 2008, 2011 and 2014. The selected states were divided into 4 clusters, and Norway constitute a single-element group. In the other cases, it may be stated that the quality of capital may be determined through the joint economic past or historical traditions.
Cytowanie	Parlińska M., Pomichowski P. (2016) Evaluation of Human Capital in Selected EU Countries Using Cluster Analysis.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 16(31), z. 4: 253-259
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2016_T16(31)_n4_s253.pdf

Autor	Krzysztof Anusz, Janusz Bogdan, Joanna Pławińska-Czarnak, Tomasz Podlasiewski, Joanna Zarzyńska
Tytuł	Consumer Safety Awareness – How the Labelling Can Protect Health of Gluten Intolerant People
Title
Słowa kluczowe
Key words	gluten, celiac disease, gluten-free nutrition, gluten-free diet
Abstrakt
Abstract	Recent years have witnessed a growing number of people who are gluten-intolerant and whose diet cannot contain gluten (celiac disease, allergy to gluten and gluten-intolerance). Consequently, the consumers’ interest in non-gluten diet is progressively increasing. Gluten is a mixture of prolamins and glutelins, present in the cereal grains: wheat (gliadin), rye (secalin) and barley (hordein). Wide use of gluten in the food industry results from its positive influence on products’ consistency, taste and moisture preserving. Since the only effective method of gluten-related diseases treatment is a strict gluten-free diet, this study examines the market of the gluten-free carbohydrate products. A growing desire to avoid gluten is changing the whole food industry. The task was to analyze the labelling correctness of selected nutriments suitable for gluten-intolerant people. The analysis was based on the current EU and national regulations. Besides of common EU regulations and directives dedicated to food production sector and food safety, we can find specified law regulating the composition and labelling of foodstuffs suitable for people intolerant to gluten. In total, 100 food products were subjected to the analysis, divided into 5 groups of gluten-free carbohydrate products (flours, groats and rice, pastas, snacks and sweets, breads). Summarizing our research the correct labelling of analysed products was present in all examined groups. 97% of the items were labelled by a text stating they were gluten-free products. Also, the composition of the assortment did not give rise to objections to their gluten-free characteristics. 86% of the analysed gluten-free food was produced from natural free-gluten ingredients, whereas 14% was made of low-gluten wheat ingredients. 78% of the examined items were gluten-free products, bearing both text and graphic labelling as gluten-free products. 63% out of this group were products with the AOECS (Association of European Celiac Societies) certificate for safe gluten-free foodstuff.
Cytowanie	Anusz K., Bogdan J., Pławińska-Czarnak J., Podlasiewski T., Zarzyńska J. (2016) Consumer Safety Awareness – How the Labelling Can Protect Health of Gluten Intolerant People.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 16(31), z. 4: 260-271
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2016_T16(31)_n4_s260.pdf

Autor	Łukasz Popławski, Agnieszka Thier
Tytuł	Problems of Water Management in Agriculture in the World
Title
Słowa kluczowe
Key words	crisis of water supply, water deficit, retention of rainwater, irrigation of agricultural areas, overexploitation of water resources, risk of food crisis
Abstrakt
Abstract	In connection with the frequent occurrence of water deficit in Central Poland and the growth of the phenomena of droughts and stepping formation (and desertification in southern Europe), the studies undertaken by hydrologists and representatives of agricultural scientists should be extended and stepping formation and desertification economics should be separated in these studies. Therefore, the evaluation of the management strategies in the conditions of water deficit, undertaken in agriculture, power engineering and other sectors of the economy as well as the search of suitable sources of water management financing should be brought to the forefront as they are specific in Poland due to functioning of ecological funds.
Cytowanie	Popławski Ł., Thier A. (2016) Problems of Water Management in Agriculture in the World.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 16(31), z. 4: 293-300
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2016_T16(31)_n4_s293.pdf

Autor	Agnieszka Tłuczak
Tytuł	Changes in the Structure of Agricultural Production in the European Union with Particular Emphasis on Poland and Latvia
Title
Słowa kluczowe
Key words	structure of agricultural production, European Union
Abstrakt
Abstract	Many of phenomena, their growth or trend, are dependent on the interactions between neighboring areas. Model of shift-share analysis represent a growth rate (rate of change) of the different options phenomenon by taking into account the phenomenon of increase in the neighbouring area. The aim of the study is to analyze the changes in the commodity structure of agricultural production in the European Union according to the selected types of agricultural products using of shifts share analysis. The study assesses the rate of change the size of the phenomenon and identified and estimated the share of structural, sectoral and regional (local spatial) in the size of the effect of the global (agricultural production in the European Union overall) in the EU countries.
Cytowanie	Tłuczak A. (2016) Changes in the Structure of Agricultural Production in the European Union with Particular Emphasis on Poland and Latvia.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 16(31), z. 4: 301-307
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2016_T16(31)_n4_s301.pdf

Autor	Eugenia Czernyszewicz
Tytuł	Uwarunkowania i perspektywy rozwoju biogospodarki w Unii Europejskiej
Title	Conditions and Prospects of the Development of the Bio economy in the European Union
Słowa kluczowe	biogospodarka, czynniki rozwoju, Unia Europejska
Key words	bioeconomy, growth factors, European Union
Abstrakt	Obecnie świat stoi w obliczu wielu wyzwań społecznych o charakterze globalnym jak zapewnienie bezpieczeństwa żywnościowego, zmiany klimatu, wyczerpywanie zasobów naturalnych. Biogospodarka jako strategiczna forma działania oparta na wiedzy może sprostać tym wyzwaniom. Celem pracy było określenie uwarunkowań i perspektyw rozwoju biogospodarki w Unii Europejskiej. Przedmiotem opracowania jest biogospodarka, jej podstawy, cele, strategia, znaczenie oraz możliwości i ograniczenia rozwoju w UE. Źródło informacji stanowiły akty prawne i dokumenty Komisji Europejskiej, OECD oraz literatura przedmiotu. W pracy wykorzystano metodę przeglądu i krytycznej analizy materiałów źródłowych. Stwierdzono, że rozwojowi biogospodarki będzie sprzyjać efektywna współpraca różnych środowisk i podmiotów na rzecz wdrażania wyników badań i rozwoju proinnowacyjnej polityki.
Abstract	At present the world is facing many global social challenges like food security, climate change and depletion of natural resources. Bioeconomy as a strategic form of action based on knowledge can meet these challenges. The aim of the study was to determine the conditions and prospects of the development of the bioeconomy in the European Union. The subject of the study is the bio-economy, its base, objectives, strategy, importance and the possibilities and limitations of its development in the EU. Sources of information were legal acts and documents of the European Commission, the OECD and literature. The work used the method of review and critical analysis of source materials. It was found that the development of the bioeconomy will foster effective cooperation of various groups and stakeholders for the implementation of the results of research and development of pro-innovation policies.
Cytowanie	Czernyszewicz E. (2016) Uwarunkowania i perspektywy rozwoju biogospodarki w Unii Europejskiej.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 16(31), z. 3: 49-56
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2016_T16(31)_n3_s49.pdf